England remained a primarily agricultural economy, with the rights of major landowners and the duties of serfs increasingly enshrined in English law. This was partially driven by the growth in the population from around 1.5 million at the time of the creation of the Domesday Book in 1086 to between 4 and 5 million in 1300. The 12th and 13th centuries saw a small development of the English economy. By the end of the period, England had a weak government, by later standards, overseeing an economy dominated by rented farms controlled by gentry, and a thriving community of indigenous English merchants and corporations. Despite economic dislocation in urban and extraction economies, including shifts in the holders of wealth and the location of these economies, the economic output of towns and mines developed and intensified over the period. Over the five centuries of the Middle Ages, the English economy would at first grow and then suffer an acute crisis, resulting in significant political and economic change.

The medieval English saw their economy as comprising three groups – the clergy, who prayed the knights, who fought and the peasants, who worked the landtowns involved in international trade. GDP per capita in England, from 1270 to 1530

Overview of the economy of England during the Middle Ages

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